Los españoles nacidos en el siglo XX son en su mayoría hijos intelectuales del pesimismo del 98. La sociedad española tiene acendrada en su memoria colectiva un sobredimensionamiento de la tragedia del almirante Cervera, y a partir de ese hecho se constata y se palpa el surgimiento del sentimiento de decadencia español y de la creencia en la singularidad y la excepcionalidad del decurso histórico español frente a las otras naciones de Occidente.

El periodo de duelo tras la pérdida de un ser querido presenta experiencias y actitudes inusuales que juegan un papel importante en la vida cognitiva de las personas dolientes; por ejemplo, la sensación momentánea de que la persona difunta se encuentra presente, así como creencias de carácter religioso o espiritual. Frecuentemente esto involucra el mantenimiento activo de un vínculo con la persona difunta a través de diversas prácticas en la vida cotidiana. Tanto los estados mentales relacionados con el duelo como (...) las prácticas correspondientes al mantenimiento de vínculos tienen un valor epistémico, en la medida en que proveen un aporte a la funcionalidad del agente en su búsqueda por adquirir conocimiento, comprensión y otros bienes epistémicos. Esto tiene consecuencias éticas y sociales, ya que estos bienes epistémicos pueden ser destruidos o afectados por las intervenciones en el duelo, tanto clínicas como no-clínicas. A pesar de ello, esta dimensión no ha sido suficientemente reconocida por la literatura filosófica. Este trabajo busca motivar el interés por estudiar epistemológicamente el duelo de dos maneras. En primer lugar, ofreciendo una caracterización de los estados mentales asociados con el duelo en términos de estados subdoxásticos (como aliefs). Posteriormente, se muestra el papel que juegan dichos estados mentales en el espacio de affordances estructuradas en un nicho afectivo que permite el desempeño exitoso de la persona doliente en tanto agente epistémico. Con ello se busca proveer un marco de análisis que se pueda desarrollar y extender en futuros trabajos para estudiar los aspectos epistemológicos del duelo. (shrink)

This is the introduction of the Synthese Topical Collection Epistemological Issues in Neurodivergence and Atypical Cognition written by the guest editors. In order to justify the relevance of the topic, a minimum context is given on the notions of neurodivergence as well as some brief remarks on the neurodiversity advocacy movement. This serves as a basis to establish the importance of increasing the scope of epistemology to include issues that do not fit in the descriptions of typical subjects and cognitive (...) processes. (shrink)

In the remainder of this article, we will disarm an important motivation for epistemic contextualism and interest-relative invariantism. We will accomplish this by presenting a stringent test of whether there is a stakes effect on ordinary knowledge ascription. Having shown that, even on a stringent way of testing, stakes fail to impact ordinary knowledge ascription, we will conclude that we should take another look at classical invariantism. Here is how we will proceed. Section 1 lays out some limitations of previous (...) research on stakes. Section 2 presents our study and concludes that there is little evidence for a substantial stakes effect. Section 3 responds to objections. The conclusion clears the way for classical invariantism. (shrink)

Philosophers have long debated whether, if determinism is true, we should hold people morally responsible for their actions since in a deterministic universe, people are arguably not the ultimate source of their actions nor could they have done otherwise if initial conditions and the laws of nature are held fixed. To reveal how non-philosophers ordinarily reason about the conditions for free will, we conducted a cross-cultural and cross-linguistic survey (N = 5,268) spanning twenty countries and sixteen languages. Overall, participants tended (...) to ascribe moral responsibility whether the perpetrator lacked sourcehood or alternate possibilities. However, for American, European, and Middle Eastern participants, being the ultimate source of one’s actions promoted perceptions of free will and control as well as ascriptions of blame and punishment. By contrast, being the source of one’s actions was not particularly salient to Asian participants. Finally, across cultures, participants exhibiting greater cognitive reflection were more likely to view free will as incompatible with causal determinism. We discuss these findings in light of documented cultural differences in the tendency toward dispositional versus situational attributions. (shrink)

This article examines whether people share the Gettier intuition (viz. that someone who has a true justified belief that p may nonetheless fail to know that p) in 24 sites, located in 23 countries (counting Hong Kong as a distinct country) and across 17 languages. We also consider the possible influence of gender and personality on this intuition with a very large sample size. Finally, we examine whether the Gettier intuition varies across people as a function of their disposition to (...) engage in “reflective” thinking. (shrink)

Does the Ship of Theseus present a genuine puzzle about persistence due to conflicting intuitions based on “continuity of form” and “continuity of matter” pulling in opposite directions? Philosophers are divided. Some claim that it presents a genuine puzzle but disagree over whether there is a solution. Others claim that there is no puzzle at all since the case has an obvious solution. To assess these proposals, we conducted a cross-cultural study involving nearly 3,000 people across twenty-two countries, speaking eighteen (...) different languages. Our results speak against the proposal that there is no puzzle at all and against the proposal that there is a puzzle but one that has no solution. Our results suggest that there are two criteria—“continuity of form” and “continuity of matter”— that constitute our concept of persistence and these two criteria receive different weightings in settling matters concerning persistence. (shrink)

Is behavioral integration a necessary feature of belief in folk psychology? Our data from over 5,000 people across 26 samples, spanning 22 countries suggests that it is not. Given the surprising cross-cultural robustness of our findings, we argue that the types of evidence for the ascription of a belief are, at least in some circumstances, lexicographically ordered: assertions are first taken into account, and when an agent sincerely asserts that p, nonlinguistic behavioral evidence is disregarded. In light of this, we (...) take ourselves to have discovered a universal principle governing the ascription of beliefs in folk psychology. (shrink)

IntroductionRheumatologists are the primary healthcare professionals responsible for patients with rheumatic diseases and should acquire medical ethical competencies, such as the informed consent process (ICP). The objective clinical structured examination is a valuable tool for assessing clinical competencies. We report the performance of 90 rheumatologist trainees participating in a station designed to evaluate the ICP during the 2018 and 2019 national accreditations.MethodsThe station was validated and represented a medical encounter in which the rheumatologist informed a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (...) with clinically active nephritis about renal biopsy. A trained patient–actor and an evaluator were instructed to assess ICP skills (with a focus on kidney biopsy benefits, how the biopsy is done and potential complications) in obtaining formal informed consent, delivering bad news and overall communication with patients. The evaluator used a tailored checklist and form.ResultsCandidate performance varied with ICP content and was superior for potential benefit information (achieved by 98.9% of the candidates) but significantly reduced for potential complications (37.8%) and biopsy description (42.2%). Only 17.8% of the candidates mentioned the legal perspective of ICP. Death (as a potential complication) was omitted by the majority of the candidates (93.3%); after the patient–actor challenged candidates, only 57.1% of them gave a clear and positive answer. Evaluators frequently rated candidate communications skills as superior (≥80%), but ≥1 negative aspect was identified in 69% of the candidates.ConclusionsEthical competencies are mandatory for professional rheumatologists. It seems necessary to include an ethics competency framework in the curriculum throughout the rheumatology residency. (shrink)

El artículo propone que el teatro de la última generación de dramaturgos se distingue por un tipo de protagonistas que entronca con la clásica figura del pelado. Mediante el análisis de la pieza Más pequeños que el Guggenheim, de Alejandro Ricaño, se estudia la manera en que estos seres insignificantes provocan la risa del público, así como las implicaciones de esta risa.

In contrast with the development of big theories in the context of social sciences, there is nowadays an increasing interest in the construction of simulation models for complex phenomena. Those simulation models suggest a certain image of social sciences as a kind of, let us say, "patchwork". In that image, an increase in understanding about the phenomena modeled is obtained through a certain sort of aggregation. There is not an application of sound, established theories to all the phenomena of a (...) certain kind, but an aggregation of the structures supposed, and of the results obtained, when particular systems are modeled. The recent case of the "El Farol Bar" problem, and the models built in order to face this problem, are a good example of this. We will analyze that case, trying to make clear what would be implied by the image above mentioned. Special attention will be paid to the need to take seriously the notion of a bounded rationality, linked to the special circumstances generating each decision problem, and to the existence of an irreducible pluralism of models. (shrink)

The covid-19 pandemic caused a huge transformation in social life. In this context online social networks could have been key to maintain civic participation. So this paper analyzes the 2022 Survey about social capital and online social networks in the province of A Coruña in order to answer to three aims: to measure both online and offline levels of civic participation during the pandemic, to get to know if there is a statistical association between age and both kinds of civic (...) participation and also, to find out if youth participation is gender related. The data analysis suggests that online social networks worked as enablers of civic participation also reflecting the advances in overcoming gender roles when it comes to young citizens. (shrink)

El presente trabajo estudió la ineficacia de la reparación económica dentro de las acciones de protección tramitadas en la provincia del Cañar en el periodo enero-diciembre 2022. Este trabajo se analizó desde un estudio autónomo de varios conceptos centrales que en este caso fueron las garantías jurisdiccionales, el derecho de protección judicial, la acción de protección y la reparación económica. Se revisó estos temas desde varios aspectos como: su trayectoria histórica, su importancia y su regulación en el derecho ecuatoriano vigente. (...) Por último, se analizó detenidamente la ineficacia de la reparación económica dentro de las acciones de protección en el lugar y periodo de estudio, en el que se pudo identificar aspectos relevantes y su relación en cuanto al porcentaje en el incumplimiento de sus sentencias y su falta de celeridad. En este sentido, para cumplir con los objetivos propuestos, la investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo no experimental, de corte transversal y de nivel descriptivo, con un enfoque mixto (cuantitativo-cualitativo), en los que se utilizaron los métodos histórico-lógico, inductivo-deductivo, analítico-sintético y dogmático. De igual manera, se utilizaron las técnicas de fichaje, revisión bibliográfica y documental de los procesos de acción de protección presentados en la provincia del Cañar durante el periodo de estudio. Como resultados se demostró la ineficacia de la reparación económica en esta garantía, lo que permitió concluir que el actual procedimiento para establecer la cuantificación no es el idóneo para garantizar al accionante un procedimiento expedito conforme la naturaleza y objeto de la acción de protección. (shrink)

The main objective of this research is to identify the current panorama of scientific production associated with governance in university institutions. A bibliometric analysis was developed in Scopus using R Core Team 2022-Bibliometrix and Vosviewer software. The results highlight the countries with the highest productivity in the topic of study, with the most representative authors favoring the understanding of governance. The main thematic clusters stand out. It recognizes the role of university governance and its migration to direct spaces and the (...) transition from a face-to-face model. (shrink)

Study was born in the construction of problem concepts in the deployment of a governance strategy in institutions under digital environments, a technical position of understanding from South America is raised, the initial hypothesis of knowing aspects and determining requirements, an efficient model of governance can be achieved from the use and application of ICT, which allow to argue the as of the process, The use ICT, TAC, TEP as change managers in virtuality, to interact in a disruptive way, the (...) most important achievements of research to recognize the legal, digital and technological resource environment. (shrink)

Conversación entre Alberto Ciria, ganador del premio anual 2015 a la promoción de la filosofía y la cultura en Málaga que entrega FICUM, y Alejandro Rojas (presidente de FICUM) en torno a la pregunta ¿qué es para ti la filosofía?

En este trabajo llevaré a cabo una labor hermenéutica sobre el pensamiento político de Friedrich Nietzsche, ampliamente denostado en la recepción temprana de su obra, pero actualmente revitalizado a la luz de nuevos estudios que muestran la unión existente entre la reflexión moral del alemán y su propuesta para un modelo de comunidad. Nietzsche nos servirá de pretexto para alcanzar una caracterización de la comunidad como «comunidad agónica», sostenida sobre el litigio permanente y el reconocimiento recíprocamente afirmante del otro. La (...) caracterización que propondremos de la comunidad busca alejar todo rasgo individualista de la misma mostrando toda obstinación individualista como signo de impotencia y resentimiento. (shrink)

John Locke y Jeremy Bentham son dos de los autores del liberalismo inglés más reconocidos en el ámbito filosófico. Entre sus teorías es posible apreciar diferencias respecto a la fundamentación de una temática tan importante para el liberalismo como lo es el derecho de propiedad privada, que es una cuestión clave tanto para la reflexión política como económica. Conviene tratar estas diferencias con el fin de extraer problemas teóricos de gran calado en la comprensión del liberalismo y en relación con (...) las argumentaciones sobre el origen del derecho de propiedad privada. (shrink)

Resumen: Las siguientes páginas versan sobre la contribución del filósofo español José Ortega y Gasset al campo de la epistemología antropológica. Ortega conocía los avances que se estaban produciendo en el campo de la antropología desde los inicios de esta disciplina en el siglo XIX, que vio la disputa que entonces se producía entre las ciencias sociales y las ciencias naturales. Frente a la razón moderna naturalista y físico/matemática y el método intelectual o el pensamiento claro, lógico o racional, que (...) prevalecía en sus escritos de mocedad, en un segundo momento, Ortega, corrigiendo su punto de vista inicial, se decanta por un tipo de razón histórico-narrativa que convierte en razón antropológica que rescata la idea del “sentido histórico” a partir del cual aborda la pluralidad cultural y el método visionario, místico o fantastical propio de otros grupos humanos, frente al método intelectual por el que se ha decantado el llamado “hombre civilizado” y característico de la cultura occidental. Ortega acabará relativizando la importancia del método lógico y racional que somete al método propio de nuestra ciencia histórica. Según Ortega, progresa ésta en la medida en que sepamos negar metódicamente, ficticiamente, el exclusivismo de nuestra cultura.: The following pages deal with the contribution of the Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset to the field of anthropological epistemology. Ortega was aware of the advances that were taking place in the field of anthropology since the beginning of this discipline in the nineteenth century, which saw the dispute that then took place between the social sciences and the natural sciences. Faced with the modern naturalistic and physical / mathematical reason and the intellectual method or clear, logical or rational thought, which prevailed in his early writings, in a second moment, Ortega, correcting his initial point of view, opts for a type of historical-narrative reason that turns into anthropological reason that rescues the idea of the "historical sense" from which it addresses cultural plurality and the visionary, mystical or fantasy method typical of some human groups, as opposed to the intellectual method by which it is has chosen the so-called "civilized man" characteristic of Western culture. Ortega will end up relativizing the importance of the logical and rational method that he submits to the method of our historical science. According to Ortega, it progresses to the extent that we know how to deny methodically, fictitiously, the exclusivism of our culture. (shrink)

RESUMEN Con un enfoque cualitativo y alcance descriptivo, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo sintetizar aspectos de materiales publicados en diversas fuentes relacionados con el estrés para lo cual se emplea el método de revisión bibliográfica. Durante el estudio se encontraron aspectos teóricos que permiten entender la evolución del concepto, acceder a modelos, evaluar la repercusión del fenónemo y constatar instrumentos para su evaluación, así como obtener sugerencias para controlarlo. Se concluye que el estrés puede ser percibido como positivo o (...) negativo según el manejo que hace cada individuo y su estilo de afrontarlo, es una manifestación relacionada con el proceso salud enfermedad en el que, para algunos, contribuye al crecimiento personal y en otros, a su malestar o enfermedad. ABSTRACT With a qualitative approach and descriptive scope, the present article takes as an objective to synthesize aspects of materials published in diverse sources related to the stress for which uses the method of bibliographical review. During the study there were theoretical aspects that allow understanding the evolution of the concept, gaining access to models, evaluating the aftereffect of the phenomenon and state instruments for their evaluation, as well as obtaining suggestions to control it. It was concluded that the stress can be perceived as positive or negative according to the handling that there does every individual and its style of confronting it, a declaration related to the process is a health illness in the one that, for some, contributes to the personal growth and in others, to its discomfort or illness. (shrink)

En los años recientes se han realizado nuevos estudios sobre las relaciones políticas y culturales entre México y Brasil en el siglo XX. De ello dan buena cuenta los tres textos que conforman esta sección, que muestran cómo se está abordando desde la academia contemporánea la proyección de la imagen del México postrevolucionario en Brasil.

This paper discusses the reception and the influence of the Critique of Judgement. It focuses on the central distinction between both fundamental types of functions in the Faculty of Judgement: the determinant and the reflexive function; it considers also its projection to the constitution of experience developed in the Critique of Pure Reason.

The literary genesis of Einbahnstraße by Walter Benjamin represents a very special case of the use of the procedures of surrealism in the philosophical-literary production of the author. The process of evolution of thinking that ended up in the writing of this piece is unveiled throughout the present analysis. This is a sign of both waiver and restart; the opening for a new productive dimension in the career of one of the most important —and misunderstood— philosophers of the 20th century. (...) More than enlightening a small master piece of philosophy from a literary perspective, or analyzing a small master piece of literature from the philosophy, what is being problematized here is the division, cultivated or figured throughout the years, between both disciplines. This work is intended to recover what is insoluble from the philosophical-literary labor of Walter Benjamin, besides tracing a possible reconfiguration for an interdisciplinary field of work to come up and contribute in the understanding of the problem called The Retreat of Metaphor by Jacques Derrida. (shrink)

Las batallas de gallos en el estilo libre son competiciones que estimulan la creatividad lingüística de los participantes y los elementos y recursos poéticos son ampliamente utilizados para mejorar sus puntuaciones en la competición.Metodológicamente, esta investigación muestra qué son las figuras retóricas fonológicas, cómo se emplean estos recursos en la elaboración de los mensajes realizados por los raperos y se explica cómo el uso de licencias y recurrencias fonológicas y licencias métricas son integradas con el fin de crear un discurso (...) persuasivo y ornamentado, complementando la base musical sobre la que han de crear el discurso. (shrink)

According to Etchemendy, in attempting to offer an analysis of the modal features of the intuitive concept of logical consequence, Tarski has committed a modal fallacy. In this paper, I consider the thesis according to it is posible to analyze the modals properties of concept of logical consequence through of a generalization on set-theoretical interpretations. As is known, some philosophers have tried to argue for the transit from the general to the modal by showing that there are enough settheoretic interpretations (...) so as to be able to represent the modal features of the intuitive concept of consequence. As is also known, those people have encountered a lot of difficulties. In the present paper, I will try to show that those problems are related not with the specific possibility of accounting for the modal features by means of a set-theoretic notion of model but with the possibility of coming up with a precise mathematical theory for the concept of interpretation, and, as such, they can be solved by way of appealing to the usual solutions to this problem. (shrink)

Este trabajo se encuadra dentro de una nueva visión de la lógica de Leibniz, la cual pretende mostrar que sus escritos fueron ricos no solamente en proyectos ambiciosos sino también en desarrollos lógico-matematicos concretos. Se demuestra que su “Caracteristica Numerica” que asigna pares de números a las proposiciones categóricas es una semántiea para la cual la silogística aristotélica es correcta y completa, y que el sistema algebraico presentado en Fundamentos de un Cálculo Lógico es una lógica algebraica similar a la (...) de Boole.This work is a contribution to a new view of Leibniz’s logic, pretending to show that his writings were not only rich in projects, but also in concrete logico-mathematical developments. We prove that his “Numerical Characteristic” assigning pairs of numbers to terms of categorical propositions, is a complete and correct semantics for aristotelian syllogistic, and the algebraic system presented in Fundamentals of Logical Calculus is essentially a complete version of boolean algebraic logic. (shrink)

We propose a model of planned corporate environmental behaviour that emphasises the values and attitudes of managers towards the environment, environmental intentions and the context in which these intentions are formed and translated into actual performance. In particular, we focus on the extent to which environmentally reactive managers influence the environmental performance of their firms. We identify the factors that mitigate or accentuate the effects of environmental “reactivism”—i.e. a mind-set shared by those who assign to the state the responsibility of (...) protecting the environment. We generate a series of hypotheses and use structural equation modelling to test them in the context of a unique dataset of Argentinean firms. Our system’s approach to corporate environmental behaviour explains approximatively 70 % of the variation in reported environmental performance across firms while highlighting elements of the model that may potentially be influenced by policy. Amongst other things, our empirical results suggest that stakeholder pressures can be an effective tool in the development of pro-environmental attitudes and in so doing offset some of the negative effects of environmental reactivism on environmental performance. Our paper highlights a number of other important implications for the design and implementation of environmental policies that account for human managerial determinants of corporate behaviour and social factors. (shrink)